Choosing the optimal measuring device for the extrusion line
When deciding about investing in a measuring device, one of the main factors – besides the costs – usually is which device is the “best”. Characteristics where “more” or “less” is considered as “better” are seemingly easy to compare. This simplification, however, bears risks. In digital photography, for instance, the size of the sensors and, thus, of the individual pixel in general, is more important than the total number of pixels. The pixel count however is commonly the relevant sales argument. For that reason, it makes sense to question the characteristics of a measuring device, as well as their definition and interaction. Often further information about the conditions under which these characteristics are valid such as temperature, position dependency etc. are missing.
Specifications usually contain the following characteristics: “Measuring range”, “Absolute accuracy” (also “correctness”), “Repeatability” (also “precision”) and “Measuring rate”. “Measuring range” indicates minimum/maximum object sizes that are measurable. Sometimes, the visual range is specified instead, this means: the overall range in which the objects to be measured are allowed to move. Occasionally, information about the minimum and/or maximum measurable size is missing, too. The colloquial meaning of “accuracy” is the total of all measuring errors. However, for the evaluation of a measuring device, it has to be differentiated: “absolute accuracy” means the comparison of a mean measuring value with a certified standard value. “Repeatability” is defined as the scattering of the measuring values under the same conditions and, therefore, a characteristic of the measuring value noise of the device itself. The sole specification of only a numerical value for “repeatability” is not sufficient. It might be that one supplier indicates the standard deviation of single values, whereas another calculates those based on a sequence of averaged values. A common visualization of the definitions “absolute accuracy” (also called “correctness”) and “repeatability” (also called “precision”) is shown in figure 1.
The “measurement rate” of a measuring device is the number of measurement values generated per second. This is a further important comparison criterion where “more” is seen as “better”. For an objective comparison, however, the knowledge of the interdependence between measurement rate and absolute accuracy and repeatability of a single measurement is crucial. It may be the case that a measuring device with a higher measurement rate, but lower single value precision is less suitable for controlling or characterization of a process than a device with a lower measuring rate but higher single value precision. For example, this is the case when a long averaging time is necessary due to a lower single value precision. Then, there is a risk that actual product variations, which occur within this averaging time, are leveled out while really present. In the worst case, the specifications might even be violated without being signaled by the measuring device.
The following example of a temperature profile taken over a week in September 2000 shows to which extent averaging of a measuring value can influence the perception (figure 2).
The displayed “real value” results from single measurements taken in ten minute intervals; averaging over a period of one hour only smoothens the extreme values. When averaging the varying temperature for more than 12 hours, the changes in temperature are displayed lower than they actually are. Furthermore, if the mean value is generated over an entire day, the information about the daily temperature variations will be completely lost. A device that needs the latter averaging depth will not be suitable for a process where an alarm has to be raised or an adjustment has to be made depending on the temperature range.
A practical example taken from the cable production process is the diameter measurement based on the shadow projection method with rotating mirrors. Often high measuring rates are indicated, which result from the rotation rate multiplied by the number of mirrors’ facets ([1] Zanoni, 1973, [2] Vossberg, 1981). The specification of accuracy, however, is usually based on mean values of up to one second due to a relatively poor single value precision. This has various reasons. Each single measurement is done with a different mirror facet. Product movements during measurement increase or decrease the product diameter – depending on the direction of movement – as the measurement of both product edges is not done simultaneously but sequentially. Lastly, the diameter information is only derived from the very transition from dark to light and light to dark. The rest of the time, the information content of the measurement signal is zero.
In contrast to this, for other measuring techniques such as the diffraction method ([3] Blohm, Sikora, & Beining, 2005, [4] Blohm & Sikora, 2017), line scan cameras are used (figures 3 and 4).
On the one hand, product edges are recorded simultaneously – so product movement is not an issue. On the other hand, each single pixel in the diffraction seam outside the product shadow can be directly linked to the product edges. This leads to a much higher single value precision and consequently, the measuring value has to be averaged nowhere near as long to be used for controlling or characterization of a production process.
In addition, measuring values with high single value precision can be used for further analysis. For example, in the area of communication cable production the FFT analysis, and also during production from the online measurement the structural return loss (SRL) ([5] Blohm 2007). Another example is the scatter plot visualization of the single values of a measuring parameter such as the eccentricity with the CENTERVIEW 8000 from SIKORA ([6] SIKORA 2018). This allows to center the cross head by an easy visual evaluation.
In conclusion: A mere comparison of measuring rates without considering these circumstances is obviously not sufficient. Hence, for an objective comparison of two measuring devices, at first, it is important to clearly define the requirements of the process. Also, the catalog details given by the manufacturer should be taken into question and brought to a comparable basis using the information needed, so that the investment in a new measuring device leads to an increase in quality, process optimization as well as cost savings.
(Authored by Dr. Hilmar Bolte, Research & Development/Head of Analysis SIKORA AG)
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References:
[1] Zanoni, C. (1973). Patentnr. US3856412A. USA.
[2] Vossberg, C. A. (1981). Patentnr. US4269514A. USA.
[3] Blohm, W., Sikora, H., & Beining, A. (2005). Patentnr. US6922254B2. USA.
[4] Blohm, W., & Sikora, H. (2017). Patentnr. US9797712B2. USA.
[5] Blohm, W. Production of High-Quality Twisted-Pair Data Cables, Wire and Cable Technology, March/April 2010, p70.
[6] SIKORA AG (2018), https://sikora.net/verfahren-zur-praezisen-messung-der-konzentrizitaet-eines-leiters-in-der-isolation-sowie-relevanter-parameter-von-adern-und-leitungen/